Dionaea Muscipula As A Carnivorous Plant Research Paper

Dionaea Muscipula As A Carnivorous Plant - Research Paper Example This gives the plant a small boost of nutrients hence promoting growth. Like any other plant that exists, the Venus flytrap also performs photosynthesis. The Venus flytrap’s leaves perform photosynthesis. The plants make use of the sunlight’s energy in creating sugar for fueling the plant. The broad leaves that are just below the traps act as the solar collectors. There is a very close relationship that is in existence between the plants’ activities of insect trapping and the plant’s rate of photosynthesis. The rate of photosynthesis on the Venus flytrap plants tends to slow down during as well as after the closure of the trap. Although the Venus flytrap is a carnivorous plant, photosynthesis is essential for the survival of this plant. The above discussion gives an analysis of how the bio system of the Venus flytrap works. It is a plant with unique characters. It is evident that its carnivorous status acts as an adaptive feature of this plant in its boggy environment. It grows in an environment that lacks very crucial nutrients. Digestion of the insects helps the plant to extract these nutrients hence supplementing the deficiency of these nutrients in the plants. These nutrients include nitrogen and phosphorous. The plant requires these nutrients so as to survive. It is hence evident that the plant has to trap insects and feed on them so as to survive. The electrical properties of the Venus flytrap are essential in the built environment as they help in responding to stress, which might be experienced in the environment.

Eddie Carbone Essay Example for Free

Eddie Carbone Essay Whats more, this would make Marcos purpose of the journey, to build a future, pointless. In addition, Eddie cruelly implies that Rodolfo is an inexperienced longshoreman. I seen greenhorns sometimes get in trouble that way. By saying this, Eddie aims to hurt Rodolfos feelings and perhaps make him feel like an unwanted boy. Soon afterwards, Eddie tries to explain how American girls are also strict and that Catherine shouldnt arrive home late at night, till he came here she was never out on the street twelve oclock at night. In affect, both Rodolfo and Marco try to understand Eddies point of view, as if he were a father to them. Eventually, Marco comes to a decision and tells Rodolfo to arrive back home earlier. But the audience knows that Eddie fails to express whats really on his mind. Essentially, Eddie understands that if Catherine is seen with Rodolfo by any of Eddies friends, Eddies reputation would be ruined and hell be the joke just like Rodolfo. It is this urge to protect Catherine, to keep her from discovering her independence which makes him increasingly sensitive to the presence of Beatrices cousins and to Rodolfo in particular, to whom Catherine rapidly becomes attracted. Later on in the scene, Catherine and Rodolfo begin to dance. When they come to an end, Eddie subconsciously twists the newspaper in his hands into a tight roll. The other characters are aware of what he is thinking, but they wait for his answer. Unsurprisingly, Eddie fails to clearly express his thoughts on Rodolfo; during his attempt to mock Rodolfos femininity and expose him as weak, he manages only to tell everybody that with Rodolfos abilities, he wouldnt be on the waterfront he would be someplace else like in a dress store. Here, Miller has explored Eddies prejudice against Rodolfo, who is different. Furthermore, Eddie uses repetition to reinforce his points, He can cook. He can sing. He can make dresses. Seeing that language proved unsuccessful for Eddie and even he cant understand what hes saying anymore, he tears the paper in two and decides to utilize physical action, a skill where he knows he can beat Rodolfo. Miller uses such gestures and stage directions as the tearing of the paper to dramatize the feelings of Eddie. Eddies obsession with Catherine is something he is not able to recognize or understand for himself. Instead he focuses his anger and frustration upon Rodolfo, who has a frivolous and light-hearted attitude to life. It is this that Catherine finds attractive and Eddie finds repulsive and unmanly. Eddie is also suspicious of Rodolfos interest in Catherine, believing that he seeks her hand in marriage in order to gain an American passport. While a degree of realism is appropriate in the design of the Carbone family home, the street itself should also be indicated. Accordingly, throughout the boxing match, the table lamp may well collapse, leaving the room gloomy and obscure. To compensate for the illumination, a red MOTEL light featuring outside the window could remain pulsing on and off. Nonetheless, the men will continue boxing, whilst Catherine switches the main light back on. I assume that merely a few seconds would allow the radiance to take full effect. The word motel indicates the cheap accommodation immigrants require in Brooklyn. In addition, while Catherine and Rodolfo dance, the main light could dim and the motel light could appear flashing on and off to the rhythm of the music. It may encourage the passionate mood set by the music. While the fight occurs on stage, I would recommend that Marco stay solitary in the corner. By separating Marco from the rest of the characters, who are supposedly in the centre of the stage, the audience recognizes his presence, without him having to do anything. Marco has cleverly kept quiet throughout the scene unless asked a question, as he may be embarrassed to display his weak language skills. But when Eddie cracks a punch at Rodolfo, Marco suddenly gets involved. Marco challenges Eddie by inviting him to raise a chair from its leg. Eddie has underestimated his opponent and his false sense of confidence about his own strength has led Marco to win the test of strength. Clearly Marco knows his adversarys well and is smart enough to avoid talking, but he prevails in a physical battle. You may think of the chair struggle as a battle for primate dominance, whereby both challengers are fighting to become Alpha male. Nonetheless, in both contests Eddies authority is undermined and in his own living room. In brief, I believe that Marco is in control of the situation, even though he stepped in half way through the scene. Eddie considers the challenge and presence of other men to be a threat to his authority. Eddies fear of losing his authority and masculinity serves as a prime motivating force, for him to assert his power. It is Eddies reluctance to compromise with the other characters and Catherines ever increasing appeal to Rodolfo that causes Eddie to fight for his control. Here, the vision Alfieri foresaw at the beginning of the play is in reaching distance. In the final scene, the act of betrayal of members of Eddies own family brings about the final bloody tragedy which Alfieri foresaw at his first interview with Eddie. Despite Alfieris efforts, Marco is intent upon revenge for his betrayal, while Eddie is determined to maintain his reputation and his honour. During the last scene of the play, Marco and Eddie come face to face in full view of the neighborhood. This theatrical scene holds the climax to the play and even though the audience is well aware of what is to happen, they are more curious as to how the other characters will react. In this scene Eddies reputation is at stake and he is prepared to stake his life on the line. By Catherine finding work and her growing attraction to Rodolfo, which leads to their planned marriage brings out an increasingly aggressive reaction in Eddie that starts to break the family apart. Eddie is trying to defend his own innocence so that, when his wife says, You cant have her, he is genuinely disgusted that she could think of him that way. He defends himself against the sexual allegation to the end. But if there is a sexual guilt operating here, it is combined with the social situation he is in. Basically, there is noting more horrifying to the general public than betrayal. It destroys the protection of their society. There is also the political side; because Miller was in the middle of the McCarthy period, the so-called Congressional investigation in America. When Eddie yells I want my name! he implies that he wants his reputation back from Marco. When Eddie handed Marco over to the authorities, Eddie squealed He killed my children. That one stole the food from my children. Eddie believes that Marco is to blame for tarnishing his reputation with this lie. On the other hand, Marco was partially correct for what he had said for the reason that, without Marco earning money for his children, they will be unable to purchase food and could ultimately die. In reality, Eddie cannot face the fact that the reason he lost his name was because he betrayed Rodolfos and Eddies trust; and treachery was considered the worst act in a Sicilian society. Marco refers to Eddie as Animal, which suggests that Eddie was a suck up` to the American law. Resembling an animal, Eddie did anything to get his just rewards. Likewise a dog would do anything when offered a bone. Finally, after realizing what he has done, Eddie is prepared to risk his life in order to save his reputation, his name. Eventually, Eddie dies in the arms of his wife, after Marco had killed him in self defence. In the closing speech by Alfeiri, he declares we settle for half, in which case he is referring to Eddies attitude towards the American and Sicilian law. Eddie has followed the American law, by reporting the illegal immigrants to the authorities. However, he has also pursued Sicilian concepts; such as the last moment, when he was prepared to die for his reputation. This shows that he is half American and half Sicilian. Alfieri recognizes that the death of Eddie Carbone should serve as a reminder to those who must carry on, and to the audience, that it is better to settle for half, it must be. Yet as Alfieri admits, this represents a compromise of peoples hopes, desires and sense of justice which he ultimately regards with alarm. The chorus, Alfieri, is the law. He has the ability to move in and out of the play. He knows the Sicilian way, but understands that the Sicilian way is something you outgrow when you come to America. I suspect that Eddie wants to be more like Alfieri than any other character. He wants to have a foot in both camps. He wants to be defined by his job. Miller implies that Eddie is a tragic hero, since the one virtue Eddie lacks is not being able to settle for half. Eddie cannot accept the presence of other men being something other than a threat to his authority. It was obvious from the beginning that Eddie would get into trouble if he continued what he was doing, but his obsession with not being able to settle for half brought about the event that Alfieri foresaw and which he was powerless to prevent, despite his best efforts. The play is a Greek tragedy because Eddie is led by fate towards a destiny he cannot escape. Through his death, the audience is involved, purged of their emotions by a tragic ending, leaving the theatre sadder but wiser. In conclusion, Eddie is Millers solution that he set himself about trying to write a Greek tragedy in Brooklyn. Shezad Chowdhury 10P Page 1 of 6 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Scientist :: essays research papers

Scientists and the products of their work are far from ‘neutral.’ Rather than embodying neutrality, scientists are inextricably connected to the existing distribution of interests and power. White, male scientists over the centuries have attempted to use science as a medium for all their findings, which inevitably support their personal beliefs. In my experience, scientists are extremely intelligent, but particularly one-sided. Hearing the words ‘scientist’ and ‘neutral’ in the same sentence disturbs me--after all, scientists have tried to ‘prove’ an unlimited amount of times that blacks are innately less intelligent then whites, and that women are innately weaker and possess less natural ability in math and science than men do . Ruth Hubbard, in her essay â€Å"Science, Facts and Feminism,† explains that, â€Å"as scientists, our job is to generate facts that help people understand nature. † Webster’s dictionary defines the word scientist as one who studies natural science. Scientists seek knowledge from Mother Nature, which David Barash views as sexist, to understand many things including the certain roles genders play in society. Similar to these science critics, I believe trying to figure out and define roles based on our biological make-up is immoral. It causes conflicts and biases that account for the separation between genders.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hubbard argues that the ideology of woman’s nature that is invoked at these times would have us believe that a woman’s capacity to become pregnant leaves her always physically disabled in comparison with men. This ideology, supported by male scientists, has affected the roles of women in society and the workplace. It hinders women’s access to employment and influences some to believe that their place in society is at home (based on nature). Other scientists have also tried to prove that women’s disproportionate contributions to childcare and homecare are biologically programmed because women have a greater biological ‘investment’ in children then men do. My view on this assumption is that the cause of the disproportionate contributions is psychologically, rather than biologically, determined. Fathers might be more sensitive to their children than mothers, and vice versa, proving that scientists’ point about biological ‘investmentà ¢â‚¬â„¢ is not only obscure, but also invalid. I find no neutrality in that argument, nor in most of their cases. Scientists could be more neutral if they actually tried to provide conclusive evidence for some of their findings. Keller stated, â€Å"The net result is that scientists are probably less reflective of the ‘tacit assumption’ that guide their reasoning than any other intellectuals of the modern age.

Impact of AIDS on Sub-Saharan Africa’s Economy

Sub-Saharan Africa is the part of the world most terribly influenced by AIDS.   By the end of 2004 it was estimated that twenty-six million inhabitants in Sub-Saharan Africa were suffering from AIDS. Approximately seven to eight per cent of the grown population is affected, with occurrence rates getting as high as forty per cent in a few countries.Females are strangely infected, with adolescent girls five times more prone than teenage boys to catch AIDS. In 2004 only, two million people expired of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa.However the epidemic has far stretched from its peak, since infectivity rates are still exceeded casualties from AIDS. Due to the gap between infectivity and successive death, we have until now to see the full impact of AIDS on Sub-Saharan Africa’s society as a whole.There have been differing opinions over how AIDS has affected the economic future of the African continent. Mixed messages on the true economic repercussions of the spread of the disease have contributed to a limited response, despite the inclusion of combating AIDS in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).One of the least studied but most significant areas of the epidemic's impact is rural agriculture. Though long de-prioritized, rural agriculture is a source of livelihood for millions on the African continent and is now again being perceived as a crucial contributor to economic growth and development by such organizations as the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD).Hunger, food aid and agricultural subsidies are all key elements of the current discourse on Africa in policy circles and in the media, but few studies have assessed the impact of AIDS on agriculture to push for specific interventions to mitigate the impact of the epidemic on rural agriculture.This disease has affected millions of people and since many of them are farmers therefore it has indirectly affected agriculture also. Since agriculture is a major source of capital for individuals and t he country therefore it has affected the economy of Africa also. It seems clear that such high levels of illness and mortality will severely hamper economic performance in the most heavily affected countries.Yet over the last decade, a number of macroeconomic studies have declared that AIDS is not having a significant impact on GDP growth. These analyses are important because they provide ammunition that allows statesmen and scholars to dismiss the epidemic as not worthy of action and funding.In circles of power around the world, it is money that drives policy initiatives. The claim that AIDS is not impacting economic performance speaks loudly and prevents aggressive intervention.( n5)This paper will start with an assessment of a number of the macroeconomic studies that aim to measure the impact of AIDS on GDP growth, and which contribute to the justification of a limited international response to the disease.Macroeconomic Analysis Of The Impact Of AIDSThe assessments of the macroec onomic impact of AIDS have been largely dismissive due to the unique character of the epidemic. AIDS affects the poorest of the poor: those who are not recognized or measured by traditional macroeconomic indicators. (Ruxin, 2004)As a UN report on â€Å"The Impact of AIDS† notes, â€Å"those rural people whose activities are not counted by standard measurements of economic performance and productivity are among the most vulnerable to the impact of AIDS.†( Bloom,   Mahal, 1997, 108)By not fully accounting for the informal sector, the rural economy and small-scale agriculture are largely dismissed, and women, who play a large role in the informal economy and agricultural sector, are marginalized. While the macroeconomic studies assessing the impact of AIDS disregard them, in fact it is the poor, the rural and women who are most affected by the disease.After decades of neglect by governments and abandonment by structural adjustment programs, there is a renewed focus on a griculture by international organizations and groups such as the World Bank and NEPAD. Agriculture is once again being seen as a driving force for growth in Africa.The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) released in July 2003 states that â€Å"the high economic growth rates envisaged by NEPAD cannot be realized unless farm production is significantly increased. Higher output will directly reduce hunger and bring down the cost of food imports.It will also have wider economic benefits, from stimulating rural incomes to providing raw materials for African industry.†(Harsch, 2004, 13) However, the rural areas are where AIDS is having its most devastating impact.At a time when population growth is high relative to other emerging economies, the amount of arable land is stable, the quality of land is degrading, and output per hectare stagnant, the rural areas are under increased pressure.Adding the AIDS epidemic into an already precarious mix of factors fo rces the agricultural sector into a dangerous downward spiral and threatens hopes for economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa.Few of the macroeconomic studies specifically address rural livelihoods and agriculture. They also assess the impact of AIDS without acknowledging that, from an economic point of view, the primary impact of the disease manifests mainly among individual economic agents, i.e. individuals and households. (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002)As a result, these macroeconomic models often fail to allow for the effects of a number of important microeconomic impacts which are endogenous to such models. (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002)Though the death of an individual might only represent a minor change in GDP, the macroeconomists fail to understand the ripple effect chronic illness and death has on communities. The impoverishment of communities cascades upwards and impacts macroeconomic measures. The traditional macroeconomic research approach is not sufficient in the face of the widespr ead devastation of AIDS.Microeconomic Analysis Of The Impact Of AIDSIt is vital for researchers to conduct microeconomic household-level studies on the impact of AIDS. Such analyses document the economic choices that households and individuals are forced to make in the face of the epidemic in terms of household composition, labor, productivity, savings and coping strategies.It is these behaviors that will inform observers of the real impact the epidemic is having on sub-Saharan Africa and will thus serve as the basis for understanding the effect of AIDS on families, communities and the nation.Rural Household StudiesIt is clear from existing microeconomic household-level analyses that AIDS is devastating and will continue to devastate Sub-Saharan Africa's rural agricultural sector and, through it, undermines the agricultural and rural revival that many see as the basis of Africa's recovery.As Carolyn Baylies notes, â€Å"AIDS is having a profound effect, undermining rural household production, contributing to declining agricultural output and affecting the very integrity of families and their sustainability as viable units.†(Baylies, 2002, 12)This paper will now delve into a number of the microeconomic studies, with a focus on rural agricultural household studies, to assess the house hold level impact of the epidemic and to investigate the effects that the macroeconomic analyses have largely missed.A 2002 household impact study conducted in South Africa by Frederick Booysen and Max Bachmann explores the impact of AIDS on families in the Free State province. Researchers note that deaths in the households due to AIDS mostly occurred in individuals in their 20s and 30s.A Rwandan study revealed that, for those that died, the average period of illness before death was 23 months: a long period during which care had to be provided and medicines sought. (Donovan, 2003) Household illness dramatically increases the dependency ratio in the home.Booysen and Bachmann note that the households affected by AIDS in fact have a smaller supply of labor than non-affected households, with a larger proportion of the household consisting of children and elderly persons. (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002) Furthermore, dependency is exacerbated by the fact that many individuals return to their rural homes to receive terminal care after becoming ill. (Jayne, 2002)The South African study also assesses the impact of AIDS on household income. The authors note that â€Å"per capita and adult equivalent income in affected households represents only between 50% and 60% of the levels of income in non-affected households.†(Booysen, Bachmann, 2002)This dramatic drop results not only from the loss of labor of the infected individual but also from the burden of care that falls on family members. Importantly, Booysen and Bachmann also explore the impact of the disease on expenditure levels.AIDS significantly alters the consumption patterns of households: â€Å"per capit a and adult equivalent expenditure is between 60% and 70% of the levels of expenditure in non-affected households.† (Booysen, Bachmann, 2002) Notably, affected households spend less on food than non-affected households, which has a negative impact on the health of household members.

Artistic Behavior in the Human Female Essay

The passage above comes from the article, â€Å"Artistic Behavior in the Human Female,† by Jean Robertson (2003, p. 24). Robertson (2003) argued that female artists define and interpret female sexuality in diverse and conflicting ways, and by using different artistic strategies. Robertson makes assumptions about the woman’s body as a contested terrain, wherein being a woman continues to be a subject of heated debate. For him, how female artists view themselves as women, and as artists, shape their depiction of â€Å"femininity† and â€Å"female sexuality† in their artworks. One of the quotes that Robertson mentioned in his text comes from Simon de Beauvoir. In her seminal book, â€Å"The Second Sex,† she stressed that: â€Å"One is not born a woman, but, rather, becomes one. † I want to reflect on de Beauvoir’s statement and Robertson’s belief about the woman’s body. I agree with de Beauvoir that social experiences and political conditions impact the construction of â€Å"being a woman. † Society shapes how women and men see femininity and gender roles through establishing gender roles and expectations. An example is when a girl is â€Å"conditioned† by her mother to be a â€Å"woman,† by telling her how she should act as a â€Å"woman. This includes educating her about the toys she can and cannot use, and the games she can and cannot play. The girl learns that she should act and think a certain way, in order to be â€Å"feminine. † She learns that she cannot be boisterous or get involved in sports, because that would be too â€Å"manly† for her. This girl is the perfect example of â€Å"becoming† a woman. On the other hand, I also agree that being a woman is a biological and individual construct. A woman is a product of her biology, whether she likes it or not. This is why women are also defined by their sexual organs. Their biology also determines their sex, as well as their gender. Furthermore, being a woman is a product of individual desires and needs. Any woman can define her womanhood the way she also wants it to. Robertson indicated the existence of the pluralities of femininity. It is true that a woman’s body is a contested terrain, and for me, what is wrong with that? Is it not also possible to have multiple femininities, instead of having only one approach to define and to interpret what it means to be a woman? There is nothing wrong, in my opinion, of having different ways of being a woman, because to deny one approach to womanhood undermines the very essence of being a free woman. Journal entry 2 In â€Å"A conversation about race and class,† Childers and Hooks (1990) argued that gender should be expanded to include issues of race and class. They said that: â€Å"†¦we should begin by talking about how we experienced the struggle to challenge and expand the category of gender† (pp. 61-62). For them, people cannot understand gender in its whole sense, if racial and class issues are overlooked in gender analysis. This reading challenged my view of gender, by asking me to see gender through a much broader lens. I have not considered that gender issues also intersect racial and class issues. On the other hand, Childers and Hooks (1990) compelled me to think about the politics of gender. This is related to our discussions about gender as a political object. The politics of gender demonstrate that there are hierarchies to the feminine gender that are experienced by many women. Power is also affected by one’s class and race. If white female women feel that there is a glass ceiling at the workplace, lower-class black and Hispanic women face a greater and heavier glass ceiling in society. Because of their class and race, they feel and experience multiple glass ceilings- the ceiling of racial discrimination, the ceiling of class discrimination, and the ceiling of gender discrimination. These ceilings, on top of one another, represent something more than just a hindrance to economic development, but resemble ceilings that are directly pressed on these women’s bodies. They could hardly breathe, because there are just too many ceilings that make it difficult for them to even survive. Now, I look gender as an amalgam of issues that women bring to gender discourse. As a result, race and issue not only expand gender discourse, but considering them has also broadened my understanding of gender and its diverse conflicts. Journal entry 3 When feminists speak about feminism, they mostly see the opposition between the feminine and the masculine- the yin and the yang. We also discussed the binary opposition in class, which heightened my knowledge of how women are reduced to the lower spectrum of the opposition. The binary opposition also exists in differentiating mothers from fathers. Mothers are put in pedestals, while fathers are forgotten and scorned. Laqueur (1990) complained about this binary opposition in â€Å"The Facts of Fatherhood. † This is an interesting article that argued about the repression of the history of fatherhood. Laqueur (1990) posited that while women enjoyed being the â€Å"natural† parent, fathers were regarded as mere providers, or even as a backdrop to the family. He stressed that it is time for fathers to reclaim their right to be part of the parenting history, wherein their contributions to the formation of society are recognized and respected. This polemical article amuses and interests me significantly. It amuses me because at the back of my mind, I felt gender discrimination in reverse. I believe that mothers have specials bonds with their children, but this belief, however, is marked by sexism. Do not fathers also share special bonds with their children? Laqueur (1990) challenged the notion of motherhood, because it undermined the importance of fatherhood. In my mind, it is better to not differentiate mothers from fathers, which is the same as stopping ourselves from differentiating women and men. Women and men have their own strengths and weaknesses and none is more superior. In the same line of thought, mothers and fathers are also equal. Let us just call motherhood and fatherhood as parenthood and give fathers their rightful place in the history and the practice of nurturing human society. Furthermore, this is also an interesting article, because it challenged me to talk about being a woman in relation to being a man. Being a woman has its multiplicities, and now, being a man has its pluralism too. For me, these multiplicities, acknowledged as part of gender analysis, render two steps forward for true gender equality. Journal entry 4 In â€Å"Criticizing Feminist Criticism,† Gallop, Hirsch, and Miller (1990) debated on the purposes and development of feminine criticism. Their main point is that feminist criticism writers have gone to the extreme, by pulverizing each other’s feminist views. They believe that this process is futile in understanding and improving the development of gender discourse and feminism. They asserted that feminism can be criticized in a more comprehensive manner, wherein there is no right or wrong feminism. I chose this article because it threads on sensitive issues, wherein the personal versus the collective idea of feminism clashes. Feminists have different worldviews about gender roles, sexuality, and femininity, and they criticize each other in different ways. I have never thought that feminist criticism has become too unconstructive. This is not my idea of criticism at all. I think about my own criticism of feminist criticism and I cannot help but agree that criticism is not about â€Å"thrashing† feminist theories (p. 350). Criticism is also about adding something to existing theories, in ways that can benefit the understanding of what it means to be a woman and how different understandings contribute to a wide range of feminism discourse. I earnestly believe also that feminists cannot define feminism in one way or several ways alone. Feminism should be viewed as a huge mess of ideas and values, different and special to women and groups, who fight for and because of different issues. Yes, it is a mess alright, because being a woman is a dynamic process that is also a part of being an individual and being a member of one’s race, class, and so on. Being a woman cannot ever be a tidy place, wherein women think the same and act the same. I would rather have it as a mess- wherein women are free to think and re-think feminism, in relation to their personal experiences and values. References Childers, M. & Hooks, B. (1990). A conversation about race and class. In M. Hirsch & E. F. Keller (Eds. ), Conflicts in feminism (pp. 60-81). New York, NY: Routledge. Gallop, J. , Hirsch, M. , & Miller, N. K. (1990). Criticizing feminist criticism. In M. Hirsch & E. F. Keller (Eds. ), Conflicts in feminism (pp. 349-369). New York, NY: Routledge. Laqueur, T. W. (1990). The facts of fatherhood. In M. Hirsch & E. F. Keller (Eds. ), Conflicts in feminism (pp. 205-221). New York, NY: Routledge. Robertson, J. (2003). Artistic behavior in the human female. In B. Stirratt & C. Johnson (Eds. ), Feminine persuasion: art and essays on sexuality (pp. 23-38). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Aristotle and Modern Work Relationships

Aristotle and Modern Work Relationships Introduction Human beings are constantly in search of ways to realize a good life. Since people are social creatures who must interact with each other, achieving happiness in life requires establishing good and civil relationships with others. One area in life where relationships play a significant role is in the workplace.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotle and Modern Work Relationships specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In modern society, the workplace is a crucial area since most people spend a significant amount of their time in this environment. Achieving good relationships in this setting is directly linked to the level of satisfaction that a person has in his/her life. Good relationships in the work setting also contribute to the productivity of the organization. As such, the notion of best places to work can be viewed through the lens of civic relationships. Many philosophers have covered the subject of interpersonal relationships over the centuries. Aristotle, who is considered one of the most influential philosophers, came up with some enlightening ideas on civic relationships, happiness, the virtues, deliberation, justice and friendship that might provide some insight on modern work relationships. This paper will set out to present Aristotle’s ideas on civic relationships and analyze how they compare and contrast with contemporary notions of best places to work. Aristotle’s Ideas The renowned Greek Philosopher, Aristotle, developed some ideas that have continued to be influential on the subject of civic relationships to the present time. Aristotle addressed happiness, which is a quality that all people seek to achieve for themselves. By definition, happiness is the overall satisfaction with life and a high level of enjoyment achieved by a person. A number of external factors contribute to the happiness of a person. According to Aristotle, a necessary condition for happiness was active participation in the discussion of what civic goods the society should pursue. As such, happiness could not be achieved if the individual was not allowed to voice his/her opinion on what was to be done. In Aristotles definition of happiness, this value is centered on exercising virtue meaning that a person cannot be truly happy if he is not virtuous. Aristotle offered elaborate ethical principles of virtue that if properly applied, could lead to the attainment of happiness by people in the society. For Aristotle, happiness is invariably linked to virtue as is evident from his assertion that happiness is activity of soul in accordance with virtue exercised over a long life and supported by additional goods such as money and health. Aristotle contends that cultivating virtue is necessary for happiness to be achieved since virtue promotes individual happiness as well as that of others. According to him, virtues are a means through which further happiness can be ach ieved by the individual.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Aristotle also introduced the idea of civic virtues, which he describes as the dispositions that people in the society should strive to exhibit. This dispositions result in people being moral or achieving some level of excellence in their dealings with others. The civic virtues are mutually agreed-on and rationally justifiable actions that sustain the quest for the good. The civic virtues also highlight the modes of conduct that may be detrimental to the achievement of the common good. Another quality that is essential for ideal civic relationships is justice. Justice is important since it ensures that all individuals are given the opportunity to enjoy their lives and achieve happiness and success. Aristotle considered justice to be the thing that tended to promote the common interest of the people. The indiv iduals in the society share in the pursuit of this common interest and they benefit from their efforts. Aristotle observed that Justice is a very important aspect of happiness is injustice prevents people from realizing the human good. For Aristotle, injustice is caused by the greed for external material such as money or psychological things such as power and honor. Aristotle introduced some ideas of friendship that have continued to influence modern Western thought on the subject. According to Aristotle, friendship is the attribute that holds the society together since when men are friends; they treat each other with consideration and avoid acts of injustice against each other. In addition to this, friendship encourages selfless acts by individuals and this produces happiness. This claim by Aristotle is supported by studies that review that virtues of altruism in helping others tend to make individuals happier. Aristotle defined three types of friendship that might exist in the soc iety. The first is a friendship that is based on virtue and in this case, there exists a bond between individuals who are alike in excellence or virtue. In this form of friendship, the individuals increase the happiness of each other for the sake of it. The relationship in this case is altruistic and therefore of a perfect nature. The second type of friendship is one that is based on the utility. In this case, the individuals feel affection towards each other because of their usefulness to each other. The third friendship is grounded on pleasure and it is typically driven by emotions. This form of friendship is most prevalent among young people and it is not lasting in nature. Aristotle holds friendship in high regard since without friendship, other virtues such as justice could not exist. Traits of the Best Places to Work All employees would like to be part of organizations that are best places to work in. The Great Place to Work Institute asserts that while generous compensation p ackages and good policies and practices play a role in creating a work environment that the employees appreciate, this are not the only things that employees consider. Some additional desirable traits must be present for a work place is considered by the employees.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotle and Modern Work Relationships specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While the traits might vary from organization to organization, the Best Places to Work Institute has come up with a number of traits that are common in all employee friendly organizations. The first common trait is an environment of trust. The employees are able to demonstrate trust for their employers and this trust springs from the credibility of the companys management. This trust arises when the employees perceive that they are treated in a fair manner and with respect. The second trait is a high level of pride by the employees in what they are doi ng in the organization. Employees are hired by the organization to carry out certain specified tasks. The employee needs to be proud of their work and experience a sense of delight in his/her activities. The pride leads to a sense of satisfaction by the workers and it produces a feeling of happiness in the employee. Another trait of the great workplace is a high sense of camaraderie among the employees. The workers need to experience genuine connection with their fellow workmates. They have to exhibit a level of enjoyment working with each other. The Great Place to Work institute contends that the employees should be able to work together as a family. The Great Place to Work institute declares that the degree of human touch is crucial to the development of an ideal work place. The institute observes that without a high degree of human touch, employees are unlikely to demonstrate the high level of commitment necessary to bring about high levels of success to the company. In addition to this, another trait is the provision of opportunities for the employees to contribute their talents to the organization. Great Place to Work Institute declares that the best work environment provides inspiration for the employees and motivates them to foster their creativity and talents. Each employee is given the chance to make a positive contribution to the growth and development of the organization. Comparing Aristotle’s Ideas and Contemporary Notions There are a number of evident similarities between Aristotle’s ideas on civic relationships and the notions of the best work place as articulated by the Great Place to Work institute. The first similarity is in the importance of active participation by the individual in the affairs of the society or organization. For Aristotle, participation in public affairs is crucial for the happiness of the person. The Great Place to Work institute also deems participation in organizational matters as an important component for happiness. The institute declares that a great place to work is one where the employees are given the opportunity to showcase their talents and creativity. Management includes the workers in the decision-making process and shows consideration to their suggestions.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is agreement between Aristotle and the contemporary notions that certain physical and psychological factors contribute to the positive assessment of the workplace. Aristotle admits that happiness requires some external goods such as wealth, power, and health. He states that a certain level of power and honor leads to the increase in happiness by the individual. The Great Place to Work institute declares that employees must have some level of pride in their work. It then proposes that employees want to feel respected and appreciated by their employers and colleagues. This suggests that power and honor are important in the best work place. When addressing the issue of human happiness, Aristotle declares that all human activities seek to accomplish some particular good as the goal. This observation is true in contemporary work places where the employees seek to achieve some predetermined goals and objectives. Another similarity is in the importance of friendship bonds between ind ividuals working together. In the great place to work, the employees experience a form of friendship with each other as they do things both with each other and for their fellow workers. The employees have a level of authentic connection and camaraderie with each other. This results in greater enjoyment of the work environment as the workers operate as a family. The friendships formed in the best places of work conform to the second type of friendship highlighted by Aristotle. These workplace friendships are often grounded in utility. The employees feel affection not necessarily for one another but in terms of their usefulness to each other. The workers will therefore have a bond based on the value they add to the workplace. Aristotle and the Great Place to Work institute agree on the importance of virtue in human interactions. From Aristotles teachings on ethics and virtues, one can deduce that virtue tends to promote happiness while vice tends to promote unhappiness. These ideas ar e compatible with the modern work setting where virtuous acts tend to produce good results for the employees and the company while vices tend to promote negative results for all the individuals involved. A significant difference between Aristotle’s ideas and those of the contemporary work place is with regard to happiness. Aristotle’s definition of happiness is strongly tied to morality since he asserts that individuals have to act in morally desirable ways in order to promote happiness. In the modern workplace, the definition of happiness is morally neutral and subjective in nature. The moral neutrality of happiness is partly due to the diversity of moral views by individuals in the workplace. The heterogeneous nature of the modern workplace makes it undesirable to impose uniform moral values on all employees. The Great Place to Work institute favors the adoption of policies that are all inclusive. Workers are able to attain ideal civic relationships and a high level of happiness in the morally neutral environment. There is also a major difference between Aristotle’s ideas and contemporary notions on how happiness can be derived from work. Aristotle suggests that an employee can derive happiness from undertaking his given task according to the highest standards. He argues that the activity that the employee engages in brings about the highest good. This is not the case in the contemporary work place where a myriad of factors contribute to the happiness of the employees. In most cases, the individual does not derive joy from engaging in his designated task. On the contrary, most employees find their work repetitive and boring. It is therefore unlikely that absolute happiness can be achieved by carrying out these uninspiring activities every day. Aristotle’s ideas of justice are not compatible with the contemporary notions of the good work place. The high levels of individualization and personal ambition for success in the modern soc iety differ from Aristotles teachings on justice. In all work places, employees strive to achieve the maximum benefit for themselves. The employer on the other hand aims to increase the productivity of the employees in order to increase profits. In this setting, all individuals have a desire to gain more external and psychological goods for themselves. In most instances, these goods are not shared in an equitable manner among the individuals working in the organization. Conclusion This paper set out to discuss Aristotles understanding of ethics and virtues and compare these ideas with contemporary notions of best places to work. It began by noting that happiness is an important attribute in human life. It then discussed Aristotle’s ideas of civic relationship and expounded on his concepts of civic relationships. The paper then provided a concise review of the traits of the best places to work as articulated by the Best Places to Work institute. It noted that trust, pride, and a sense of camaraderie are some of the most important traits from the employee’s perspective. The paper has shown that the ideas of friendship, virtue, and respect are agree on by Aristotle and the contemporary notions of best places to work. However, there is a significant difference in the concept of happiness and justice as articulated by Aristotle and as it is applied in the contemporary work place. On the whole, it can be concluded that Aristotle’s ideas on civic relationship are by the large applicable to modern work relationships.

DB Reply Example

DB Reply Example DB Reply – Coursework Example Employees’ welfare Affiliation Introduction As a business owner the welfare of the employees is a majorpart in their affairs. It involves providing various benefits to the employees. While this may increase the business expenses and negatively affect the bottom line, looking after the employees will eventually benefit the company. This could lead to increased returns as the employees are in a happy environment hence, are in a position to work diligently.Employee benefitsThese are packages given to employees to keep them motivated at their workplace. These packages are sometimes viewed to be more important than the salary by a potential employee. These packages include Christmas bonuses, paid leaves, health insurances, retirement benefits, paid off days, etc.Employee benefits differ depending on the employees status. Married employees have benefits differing from those of the single. Benefits also differ for people of the two genders. The availability of employee benefits help s attract and retain eligible employees. This ensures they will also work and give their best to ensure the continuity of the organization. It helps maintain a good relationship between the employee and the employer Compensation surveyThis is an exercise in which a surveys looks into the various compensations given to employees in their work environments. This exercise ensures that the employee compensations are fair. Apart from that it ensures that they are not paid excessively to a point it hurts the organizations financial status. Various bodies have been put up for such surveys. These are such as the NCS (National Compensation Survey). These surveys can be done semi-annually or annually or biennially. Compensation surveys fall in either of into of two groups: custom and standard.Employment Laws that Influence Compensation Tactics There are various laws involved in employee compensation. These laws are used to ensure that neither part undermines the other party (employers or empl oyees). These laws are such as: FLSA (Fair Labor Standard Act) – It prescribes wages and overtime pay. This law is administered by the wage and hour divisionThe Federal Employees Compensation Act –it establishes a comprehensive and exclusive workers compensation program.The Employees Compensation Act (FECA) -This law establishes a comprehensive and exclusive workers compensation for the disability or death of a federal employee resulting from personal injury sustained while on duty.ConclusionEmployees are a major part of the economy of a country. Their welfare is usually a major factor for the employees to take in for employees. The federal government has devised various laws that govern this. The government requires all employees to ensure that their employees are well taken care of. This involves ensuring their satisfaction while working. Several bodies have also been set up to ensure that even while taking care of the employees one does not end up hurting their busi ness such as the compensation survey bodies. ReferencesDebbie Lovewell, (2011) Employee benefits/ Towers Watson flexible Benefits, Employee benefit magazine.Burn, M (2011). What Does It Cost To Replace An Employee. Abenity. Retrieved 23 March, 2015 from abenity.com/celebrate/employee-engagement-cost-to-replace-an-employee/ Bill Coleman, Compensation Survey, Givology. Retrieved 23 March, 2015 from www.salary.com/compensation-surveys.com Trevor, C. and Graham, M., (2000). Deriving the market wage: Three Decisions Area in the Compensation Survey Process. World of Work Journal, Vol. 9: 4 Lesia W (2011). How New Laws, Regulations Affect Compensation and Benefits plan. CBIA-Government Affairs. Retrieved 23 March, 2015 from http://gov.cbia.com/issues_policies/article/how-new-laws-regulations-affect-ct-compensation-and-benefits-plans

Compounds With Ionic and Covalent Bonds

Compounds With Ionic and Covalent Bonds An ionic bond is a chemical bond between two atoms in which one atom seems to donate its electron to another atom. Covalent bonds, on the other hand, appear to involve two atoms sharing electrons reach a more stable electron configuration. Some compounds contain both ​ionic and covalent bonds. These compounds contain polyatomic ions. Many of these compounds contain a metal, a nonmetal, and also hydrogen. However, other examples contain a metal joined via an ionic bond to covalently bonded nonmetals. Here are examples of compounds that exhibit both types of chemical bonding: NaNO3 - sodium nitrate(NH4)S - ammonium sulfideBa(CN)2 - barium cyanideCaCO3 - calcium carbonateKNO2 - potassium nitriteK2SO4 - potassium sulfate In ammonium sulfide, the ammonium cation and the sulfide anion are ionically bonded together, even though all of the atoms are nonmetals. The electronegativity difference between ammonium and the sulfur ion allows for an ionic bond. At the same time, the hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded to the nitrogen atom. Calcium carbonate is another example of a compound with both ionic and covalent bonds. Here calcium acts as the cation, with the carbonate species as the anion. These species share an ionic bond, while the carbon and oxygen atoms in carbonate are covalently bonded. How It Works The type of chemical bond formed between two atoms or between a metal and set of nonmetals depends on the electronegativity difference between them. Its important to remember the way bonds are classified is somewhat arbitrary. Unless two atoms entering a chemical bond have identical electronegativity values, the bond will always be somewhat polar. The only real difference between a polar covalent bond and an ionic bond is the degree of charge separation. Remember the electronegativity ranges, so youll be able to predict the types of bonds in a compound: nonpolar covalent bond - The electronegativity difference is less than 0.4.polar covalent bond - The electronegativity difference is between 0.4 and 1.7.ionic bond - The electronegativity difference between species forming a bond is greater than 1.7. The difference between ionic and covalent bonds is a bit ambiguous since the only truly nonpolar covalent bond occurs when two elements of the same atom bond with each other (e.g., H2, O3). Its probably better to think of chemical bonds as being more-covalent or more-polar, along a continuum. When both ionic and covalent bonding occurs in a compound, the ionic portion is almost always between the cation and anion of the compound. The covalent bonds could occur in a polyatomic ion in either the cation or the anion.

Music History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Music History - Research Paper Example It was usually a part of mourning also, except in cases, such as, when Admetus while mourning his wife, ordered that â€Å"neither lyre nor pipe is to be heard in the town for twelve months." (West 14). Often religious festivals or ceremonies would begin with a procession with music, such as chorale accompanied by the pipes and/or the lyre. The people might be dancing or have dancers with them. Processionals are thought to be the oldest form of Greek music. It is believed that the earliest recorded occasion was a procession from Messina to sacrifice on Delos (West 15). Every part of Greek life had some kind of music that was traditionally used. Following is a description of the most well known types: Hymns were sung by a chorus to the gods, except Apollo and Dionysus, which had their own special songs, the paean, a song of joy, and the dithyramb, a choral song of prayer or supplication. The Dithyramb eventually became secularized and metamorphosed into the drama form tragedy. The Hy porcheme was a song and a dance. The Prosodion was used for processionals to altars and temples at the beginning and ending of festivals. Enkomion was a song of praise for men, as was the Epinikion used to honor the winner of athletic competition. A Skolion was sung by guests at a banquet. An Erotikon was an erotic song or poem for gods and goddesses and also men and women. The Hymenaios was used for weddings during the processional, at the banquet and in front of the bridal suite. The Threnos was a funeral dirge, sung by a chorus solemnly in either very low or very high pitch. Maidens would sing a Partheneion . Many of these have echoes in current church and classical music ("Lyric Genres."). 2. Describe the evolution of notation from the concept of neumes to the development of the staff and the idea of nota. Music likely dates back to the earliest civilizations, even hunter gatherer populations , but it was not until the Greeks created a form of musical notation that we have any records of written musical notation. There is a piece of music carved on a tombstone called the Seikilos Epitaph, found in Turkey, and may be from the 1st century AD. This is evidence that ancient Greeks used music notation since the 3rd or 4th centuries BC. Boethius (c.AD 470–AD 525) applied the first 15 letters of the alphabet to the notes in use at the end of the Roman period in the five textbooks he wrote on ancient music while in prison. A system called neumes, using Greek language symbols, was used in about the 6th century AD to record the Gregorian chants. This system only reminded a singer or musician of the â€Å"shape â€Å" of a memorized song. It was not until the tenth cent ury that Heightened Neumes were arranged above and below a line to indicate rising and falling pitch. In the twelfth century, Guido D’Arezzo placed letters on lines to indicate pitch. The staves developed over the next four centuries with different numbers of lines, but in the sixteenth century the five line staff became standard. Early music was all written down by the church and aristocracy, as paper and quills were expensive and most people could not read words either ("History of Music Notation - evolution, printing, specialisation and computers."). There was no system for tempo and measure until about the seventeenth century. It was not until the legitimization of polyphonic music, forbidden at first by Pope John XXII in 1322 (See Appendix A for his writings.), that other parts of our modern notation developed to fulfil its needs ("Polyphony Is

Evangelical and Pentecostal Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Evangelical and Pentecostal Christianity - Essay Example In my essay, I am going to do a comparison and contrast essay which is based on evangelical and pentecostal Christianity and how these are mainly focused in a specific region. In dealing with evangelical and pentecostal Christianity, it is important to examine their similarities especially where they come together in their ideologies. They come together especially in their universality of their teachings and the timelessness ( Wolffe, 2002). They tend to agree with each other in their teachings and philosophies which are inherently tied to each other and are especially predominant when they are dealing with conflict or tension situations where they actually see eye to eye. It is also important to take into account that because we are dealing with these religions, I am using the Wolffe's perspective on a lot of these issues. He suggests that it is predominantly in the developing world that Evangelism and Pentecostal Christianity have their strongest foothold with particular emphasis being placed on Latin America (2002). In examining the criteria for their comparison, it is noteworthy to mention that Pentecostal religion and Evangelism have similarities in that they are especially geared towards migrants and people from a similar ethnic background-a sort of common background that brings about ethnic groups with similar ideologies together (Wolffe, 2002). Another obvious identifying feature of Pentecostal and Evangelicals is that they both believe that the Bible is divinely inspired and believe that the Holy Spirit is involved in the evangelical process. Here we see this to be true especially in the Western world with the rise of evangelicals who speak under the authority of the Holy Spirit and therefore have the ability to prophesy and speak in tongues (Wolffe, 2002). Evangelical and Pentecostal Christianity have been a trend of the late centuries and are actually a breakaway from Protestanism which split from Catholicism in the 16th century. But it was not until the 18th century, that we see visibly the Evangelical movement that rose from the Protestant reformation (Wolffe,2002). Since they are ethnically geared so to speak towards people from similar ethnic backgrounds, they formed the backbone for a lot of the revivals of the movement in regions such as Northern Ireland where "it gained from being an important focus for Protestant identity in the face of ongoing struggles over the constitutional status of the province (Wolffe, 2002, p.20)." There was in Ireland, considerable turmoil and conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants and due to their common interests and struggles, the Evangelicals formed a common bond to come together. Whereas by contrast where Pentecostal and Evangelical Christianity differed, was in "its teachings of the need for Christians to be baptized in the Holy Spirit, as a second intense spiritual experience subsequent to conversion. Pentecostalism was particularly successful among the black and Hispanic communities in the USA, and from the 1950s onwards gained significant ground in the UK as a result of West Indian immigration (Wolffe, 2002,p.21)." Again we see the trend where the minorities form the backbone for the rise of the Evangelical and Pentecostal movement in the Americas and the United Kingdom. Although our focus in this essay, will be the rise in these two movements, I will focus more on the developments in the United kingdom, the USA, and Latin America. The former two countries are more industrialized but the last Latin America is more on the less advantageous side economically speaking. In the United Kingdom, for instance, we see statistically speaking an increase in numbers among the Pentecostal and Evangelical Christians. This is denoted by the rising numbers who are church attendants. The famous evangelist Billy Graham from the United States on making his visit to the United Kingdom drew very large audiences (Wolffe, 2002). In the early

An Idea for a Novel Functional Food Product Essay

An Idea for a Novel Functional Food Product - Essay Example This essay demonstrates that the core strategy for cost effective value at the ginseng ice cream store involves labeling: labeling could be effectively linked to promotion using interest venues. For example, at the retailer level, services and products could be offered in promotional campaigns and distributed at select pubs, theme parks, and restaurants popular with the target market demographic. Another important and potentially cost-saving distribution channel for this market could be the vending-machine. The company could work with new technology that is developing in this area. Promotion could continue through this venue, and also in the above-mentioned restaurant and pub introductions, as well as traditional avenues of print and television media. In terms of promotion through labeling, as mentioned, the consumer or child of the busy mom is the target. Many believe that ginseng promotes health and relaxation, and eases stress. However, it is not regulated or mandated a s a drug, and is mostly available as a herbal supplement and cooking ingredient. â€Å"Ginseng has not been evaluated by the government for safety, effectiveness, or purity. All potential risks and/or advantages of ginseng wort may not be known. Additionally, there are no regulated manufacturing standards in place for these compounds†. There is no clear evident study that shows ginseng can do harm to people in either target market category, so the promotion seems to be ethical. More scientific evidence is needed when it comes to not regulate herbs and supplements.

Business Structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business Structures - Essay Example disadvantages associated with this business structure is that the owner of the business is solely liable for paying of all the debts and if the business goes bankrupt then the assets owned by the owner are liquidated to repay those who have provided loan to the business. Furthermore, the owner of the business has to take all the decisions and he/she may not have the required expertise to look after all the technicalities of a business. Partnerships are those businesses that are owned and controlled by a small group of individuals who join hands together to form a business (Kaplan, 2010). The maximum number of partners involved in such a business is 20 individuals and such businesses are mostly operated by family members. The benefits of such a business structure are that more people are there to look after the business which helps in indulging more brains in a business. The partners of the business can add more money to the business for its expansion and operations. This form of business provides the business with tax savings since the profits are distributed amongst partners. The disadvantages associated with this form of the business is that if the business goes bankrupt then all the assets owned by all the partners are liquidated to pay of the of the money owed by the business. Disagreements can take place between partners that may lead to disbandment of the business. One partner cannot quite the business or a new partner cannot be added to the partnership without the agreement of other partners. Corporations are large organizations that are registered with the securities and exchange commission of a region and this allows them to be publically listed on a stock exchange (Kaplan, 2010). The benefits of such a business structure are that the owners of the business experience limited liability. This means that if the business experiences bankruptcy, then the only assets they lose is the amount of money they have invested in the business. Another benefit is that

Art Gallery- Health and Safety Managment Report Essay

Art Gallery- Health and Safety Managment Report - Essay Example There is indeed enough evidence in this assertion in the number of incidences that have been recorded in terms of health and safety issues within the premises of the company. As much as it is a very bad situation for workers of the company to be involved in various forms of health and safety risks, it is even worse that the problem extends to visitors in some cases. This is because once visitors become involved, the company gets a very poor public reputation and this affects patronage of the museum. There are also the legal aspects of each of these incidences of health and safety risks that the company faces. All of these notwithstanding, there is still hope in the fact that the company can make amends with its health and safety policies to ensure that further harm is not caused. For example the company has at its disposal, various forms of risk management systems and principles that it can adhere to in order to ensure improved health and safety practice. Within the museum industry, there are a number of stakeholders who are at risk to various forms of health and safety challenges. These include visitors, workers, contractors and volunteers. Each of these groups of persons may also be exposed to one form of risk or the other. Though not all the forms of risks may be labeled as having the same height of impact, none of them could also be ignored as far as they concern the health and safety of people (quote). The first form of risk has to do with illness and injury. Stress, overwork, lack of touring assistance and environmental factors could cause illness and injury to visitors, staff, volunteers and contractors. Injuries could result from falls, sitting posture, inhalation of harmful chemicals and cases of fire (quote). The same conditions could also bring about illness. Once these forms of risks happen, efficiency and production are affected because

Business Structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business Structures - Essay Example disadvantages associated with this business structure is that the owner of the business is solely liable for paying of all the debts and if the business goes bankrupt then the assets owned by the owner are liquidated to repay those who have provided loan to the business. Furthermore, the owner of the business has to take all the decisions and he/she may not have the required expertise to look after all the technicalities of a business. Partnerships are those businesses that are owned and controlled by a small group of individuals who join hands together to form a business (Kaplan, 2010). The maximum number of partners involved in such a business is 20 individuals and such businesses are mostly operated by family members. The benefits of such a business structure are that more people are there to look after the business which helps in indulging more brains in a business. The partners of the business can add more money to the business for its expansion and operations. This form of business provides the business with tax savings since the profits are distributed amongst partners. The disadvantages associated with this form of the business is that if the business goes bankrupt then all the assets owned by all the partners are liquidated to pay of the of the money owed by the business. Disagreements can take place between partners that may lead to disbandment of the business. One partner cannot quite the business or a new partner cannot be added to the partnership without the agreement of other partners. Corporations are large organizations that are registered with the securities and exchange commission of a region and this allows them to be publically listed on a stock exchange (Kaplan, 2010). The benefits of such a business structure are that the owners of the business experience limited liability. This means that if the business experiences bankruptcy, then the only assets they lose is the amount of money they have invested in the business. Another benefit is that

Discuss the role played by morality or obligation in Antigone Essay

Discuss the role played by morality or obligation in Antigone - Essay Example Creon had passed over the instructions that forbade everybody to bury the dead body of Polyneices. Creon wanted the dead body of Polyneices to rot and get eaten up by wild animals and vultures because Polyneice had died as a traitor in an attempt to attack the city. Antigone, like many people in her time, held a belief that the souls of deceased people remain restless as long as they are not buried. Not only did Antigone take a stand against Creon’s decision of leaving Polyneices’ body unburied, she actually took practical measures that prove her sincerity. However, it was not easy to go against the consent of the powerful ruler of the time. When Antigone had decided to bury her brother’s dead body, she knew she was going to risk her life and was most likely to be assassinated for her act. However, the fear of worldly punishment could not keep her from carrying out the orders of her gods. Not only did Antigone comply with the standards of morality on burying the dead body of Polyneice, but also, she would not let Ismene take the charge for having done the job because this would put Ismene into trouble. This causes the reader to draw conclusions about Antigone that she was daring, courageous, bold, prudent and considerate. She offered so much importance to her moral values that she would happily embrace death to live up to them.

Mechanics of Material Lab Manual Essay Example for Free

Mechanics of Material Lab Manual Essay To investigate how shear strain varies with shear stress. c. To determine the Modulus of Rigidity of the rubber block. 4. Hooke’s Law for Wires a. To determine the Youngs Modulus of Elasticity of the specimen wire. b. To verify Hookes Law by experiment. 5. Strain in Compound Wires a. To determine the modulus of elasticity of two wires and hence evaluate the equivalent Young’s Modulus of Elasticity of the combination b. To position the single applied load on the slotted link in order that both wires are subjected to common strain and hence to establish the load in each wire 6. Deflection of a simply supported beam To find the slope and deflection of a simply supported beam with point load at the center and to prove the results mathematically 7. Deflection of a cantilever beam To verify the slope and deflection of a cantilever beam experimentally and theoretically. 8. Deflection of a overhanging beam To find the central deflection of overhanging arm beam and confirm the results theoretically 9. Shear center for a channel Find Shear center for a channel section cantilever. 10. Unsymmetrical Deflections To determine the deflections for symmetrical bending of an angle section beam 1. Shear Forces and Bending Moment in Beams To measure the bending moment at a normal section of a loaded beam and to check its agreement with theory 12. Study and Application of experimental photoelasticty techniques on linear crack propagation analysis 13. Direction and magnitude of principal stresses To use the Photo-elasticity as an experimental technique for stress analysis and to understand construction and operation of transmission polariscope. 14. Calculation of stress intensity factor Interpretation of Fringe Data and calculation of stress intensity factor (k) at different loading conditions 5. Micro Hardness Testing 16. Thin Cylinder Experiment No. 1Compression of a spring 1. OBJECTIVES a) To obtain the relation among the force applied to an extension spring and its change in length. b) To determine the stiffness of the test spring (s). 2. PROCEDURE a) Setup the apparatus vertically to the wall at a convenient height. b) Add increasing loads to the load hanger recording to the corresponding deflection for each load. c) Continue loading until at least 30 mm of extension has been achieved. 3. RESULTS Tabulate the results obtained and draw a graph of load (y-axis) against extension (x-axis). Note the following data for each spring used:- a. Outside diameter, b. Effective length, c. Wire diameter, d. Number of turns. The stiffness to the spring is the force required to produce a nominal extension of 1 mm. [pic] If Kg masses are used: The force applied to the spring in Newtons = Mass in Kg x 9. 81. 4. POINTS TO PONDER a. What relationship exists between the applied force and compression? b. Did the spring (s) behave according to Hooke’s Law? c. State the stiffness value (s) obtained. d. If the graph drawn does not pass through the origin state why. Experiment No. 2 Extension of a spring . OBJECTIVES a. To obtain the relation among the force applied to a compression sping and its change in length. b. To determine the stiffness of the test spring (s) 2. PROCEDURE a. Setup the apparatus vertically to the wall at a convenient height. b. Add increasing weight to the load hanger recording to c. the corresponding deflection for each load. d. Continue loading until at least 30 mm of compression has e. been achieved. 3. RESULTS Tabulate the results obtained and draw a graph of load (y-axis) against compression (x-axis). Note the following data for each spring used :- e. Outside diameter, f. Effective length, g. Wire diameter, h. Number of turns. The stiffness to the spring is the force required to produce a nominal extension of 1 mm. [pic] If Kg masses are used: The force applied to the spring in Newtons = Mass in Kg x 9. 81. 4. POINTS TO PONDER a. What relationship exists between the applied force and compression? b. Did the spring (s) behave according to Hooke’s Law? c. State the stiffness value (s) obtained. d. If the graph drawn does not pass through the origin state why. Experiment No. 3 Rubber in Shear 1. OBJECTIVES 1. To determine the variation of deflection with applied load. . To investigate how shear strain varies with shear stress. 3. To determine the Modulus of Rigidity of the rubber block. 2. PROCEDURE 1. Set-up the apparatus securely to the wall at the convenient height 2. Note the initian dial gauge reading. 3. Add increasing increments of load and recird the corresponding deflections registered on the dial gauge. 4. Tabulate the results and draw a graph of deflection (x-axis) against applied load (y-axis). Describe the relationship between the deflections and the applied load. State if this follows a linear law. 3. Observations and Calculations: Load (W) |Deflection |Shear Stress |Shear Strain | | |X |= W/A |=X/L | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Modulus of rigidity of the rubber block = shear stress/ shear strain = slope of graph |Data |Dimensions (Metric) | Dimension of block |150*75*25 mm | |Dial Gauge |12 mm travel * . 01 mm | |Load Hanger |250 mm * 2 N | |Max. Load |160 N (16 kg) | Experiment No. 4 Hooke’s Law for Wires Objectives: 1. To determine the Young’s Modulus of Elasticity of the specimen wire. 2. To verify Hooke’s Law by experiment. 3. To establish a value for the ultimate stress of the wire. [pic] Procedure: 1. Note the length (L), diameter (d) and the material of the wire under test. 2. Add sufficient initial load to the hanger to remove the flexure of the specimen. 3. Let the scale measurement now showing be the zero position. 4. Add equal increments of load to the hanger and note the corresponding total extension (x) for each case. 5. Care should be taken to ensure that the elastic limit of the material is not exceeded. 6. Tabulate the results and draw a graph of load (W) against extension (X). 7. Continue to load the specimen until fracture occurs. Note the breaking load. Observations and Calculations: |S/No. Load (N) |Stress (N/m2) |Extension(mm) |Strain |Young’s Modulus (Y) | |BRASS | |1 | | | | | | |2 | | | | | | |3 | | | | | | |4 | | | | | | |5 | | | | | | |STEEL | |1 | | | | | | |2 | | | | | | |3 | | | | | | |4 | | | | | | |5 | | | | | | Young’s Modulus of elasticity E/xA = WL Ultimate Stres s = Total Load at fracture / area of wire General Questions 1. State Hooke’s Law. Did the extension of the wire under test confirm to Hooke’s Law? 2. Quote the values obtained for E and the ultimate stress and compare these with the normally accepted values for the material. Experiment No. 5 Strain in Compound Wires Objectives: 1. To determine the Module of Elasticity of the two wires and hence evaluate the equivalent Young’s Modulus of Elasticity of the combination. 2. To postion the single applied load on the slotted link in order that both wires are subjected to common strain and hence to :- 3. Establish the load in each wire. 4. To obtain an experimental value of the equivalent Young’s Modulus of elsticityof the combination. 5. To compare the experimental and theoretical results. Procedure: 1. Note the length and the diameter of each wire and the distance between their centers. 2. Remove the slotted link and suspend the hanger from the lower and of the slide attached to one of the wires. 3. Apply a range of increasing loads and note the corresponding extension of the wire. 4. Do not allow the wire to exceed its elastic limit. 5. Plot a graph of load against extension, and from the slope of the straight-line graph, determine the value of Young’s Modulus of Elasticity of the wire. a. Repeat this procedure for the other wire. b. Replace the slotted link and suspend the hanger from its edge placed at the center of the link. The length of one of the wires may require to be adjusted until the link is level. Small adjustment to the length of either one of the wires may be obtained by applying a supplementary load to its slide using another hanger. Place a load (W) on the central hanger and maintain a common extension in the wires (i. e. level condition) by adjusting the position of the knife-edge on the link. Note the new position of the load measured from the center of the left-hand wire. Note the magnitude of the applied load and the common extension of the wires. Repeat over a range of increasing loads. Tabulate the results and plot a graph of the load (W) against the extension (X) of the compound wire arrangement. Diagram and calculations: |S/No. Force (N) |fs (MPa) |fb (MPa) |fe (MPa) |ee * 10^-4 |Ee (Pa) * 10^10 | |1 | | | | | | | |2 | | | | | | | |3 | | | | | | | |4 | | | | | | | |5 | | | | | | | Experiment No. 6 Deflection of a simply supported beam OBJECTIVES To find the slope and deflection of a simply supported beam with point load at the centre and prove the results mathemati cally. APPARATUS 5. HST 6:1 with complete accessories 6. Vernier caliper, micrometer, meter rod, etc. [pic] PROCEDURE 1. Set up the two end supports at 1m span and insert the thick steel beam in the end and fixtures. 2. Place a load hanger and clamp at mid span and set up a dial gauge to measure the deflection at the load point. 3. Check that the end supports are free top rotate as the beam deflects. 4. Read the support rotation gauge and central deflection gauge. 5. Add load by increments of 1N up to 10 N recording the dial gauge reading and then move the load by the same decrements to obtain a duplicate set of readings. 6. Plot the end rotations and central deflection against the load. Observations and Calculations: |S/NO. |LOAD (N) |Slope |Deflection |Theoretical |Theoretical slope | | | | | |deflection | | | | |central |central |Y = |? | | | | | |WL3/48EI |WL2/16EI | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Experiment No. 7 Deflection of a cantilever beam OBJECTIVE To verify the slope and deflection of a cantilever beam experimentally and theoretically. APPARATUS 1. HST 6:1 with complete accessories 2. Vernier Caliper, micrometer, meter rod etc. [pic] PROCEDURE 1. Clamp the thicker steel strip (2. 64 mm) in the position shown in diagram so that it forms a cantileve r. 2. Fix the hanger clamp (0. 3m) from the fixed support and setup a dial guage over it. 3. Apply a load in increments of 1 /2 N up to about 5N reading the gauge at each load. 4. Plot a graph of deflection against load Observations and Calculations: |S/NO. LOAD (N) |Slope |Deflection |Theoretical |Theoretical slope | | | | | |deflection | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RESULTS: 1. From the graph obtained, the best fit linear relationship between displacement and load the steel strip, compares the graidient with the theoretical value. 2. Comment on the accuracy of the theoretical results. Experiment No. Deflection of an overhang beam To find the deflection of overhanging arm beam and confirm the results theoretically OBJECTIVE To verify the slope and deflection of a overhang beam experimentally and theoretically. APPARATUS 3. HST 6:1 with complete accessories 4. Vernier Caliper, micrometer, meter rod etc. PROCEDURE 5. Clamp the thicker steel strip in the position shown in diagram so that it forms a overhang. 6. Fix the hanger clampahead from the roller support and setup a dial guage over it. 7. Apply a load in increments of 1 /2 N up to about 5N reading the gauge at each load. 8. Plot a graph of deflection against load Observations and Calculations: |S/NO. LOAD (N) |Slope |Deflection |Theoretical |Theoretical slope | | | | | |deflection | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RESULTS: 3. From the graph obtained, the best fit linear relationship between displacement and load the steel strip, compares the graidient with the theoretical value. 4. Comment on the accuracy of the theoretical results. Experiment No. 9. Shear center for a channel OBJECTIVE To determine the share centre of a channel section cantilever and to draw the graph between notch distance and gauge readings. APPARATUS 7. Unsymmetrical cantilever 8. Rigid based plate, weights 9. String, pulley 10. Calibrated ring 11. Grid, two dial gauges PROCEDURE: 7. Turn the routable head, so that the cantilever section is positioned relative to the pulley. 8. Fit the share assessory to the top of the cantilever and turn the dial gauge so that they rest against the attachment. The grooves in the notched bar have the spacing of 5 mm. 9. Turn the scales of the dial gauges until they read zero. 10. Tie the string to the left hand notch. Move the pulley to the left and hang the weight hanger on the end of the string. Put a weight of 1 Kg on the hanger so that the total weight is 1,5Kg. 11. Adjust the pulley position until the string is parallel to the lines on the pulley bracket. Record the reading of the both dial gauges. 12. Move the string to the next notch. Readjust the pulley position, Record the dial gauges readings. 13. Repeat for each notch position. Results: Experimental position of Shear Center from the outside of the web. Theoretical position Channel Shear Center is h = B-2 A-2 t / IA Experiment No. 10 Unsymmetrical Bending of a Cantilever Beam |Direction of pull|Displacement |Applied load (Kg) | |(degrees) | | | | | |. 5 |1. 0 |1. 5 |2. 0 |2. 5 |3. | |0 |U | | | | | | | | |V | | | | | | | |22. 5 |U | | | | | | | | |V | | | | | | | |45 |U | | | | | | | | |V | | | | | | | |67. |U | | | | | | | | |V | | | | | | | |90 |U | | | | | | | | |V | | | | | | | |112. 5 |U | | | | | | | | |V | | | | | | | |135 |U | | | | | | | | |V | | | | | | | |157. |U | | | | | | | | |V | | | | | | | |180 |U | | | | | | | | |V | | | | | | | |Direction of pull|Displacement |Applied load (Kg) | |(degrees) | | | | | |. 5 |1. 0 |1. 5 |2. 0 |2. 5 |3. 0 | |0 |L | | | | | | | | |R | | | | | | | |22. |L | | | | | | | | |R | | | | | | | |45 |L | | | | | | | | |R | | | | | | | |67. 5 |L | | | | | | | | |R | | | | | | | |90 |L | | | | | | | | |R | | | | | | | |112. |L | | | | | | | | |R | | | | | | | |135 |L | | | | | | | | |R | | | | | | | |157. 5 |L | | | | | | | | |R | | | | | | | |180 |L | | | | | | | | |R | | | | | | | Experiment No. 11 Bending Moment in Beams |S. No. Load (N) |Balance Reading (N)/ Net Force (N) | | | |W1 |W2 |W3 | |1 | | | | | |2 | | | | | |3 | | | | | |4 | | | | | |S. No. |Load (N) |Balnce Moment (N. mm)/ Theoretical Val. |1 | | | | | |2 | | | | | |3 | | | | | |4 | | | | | Experiment No. 13 Study and Application of experimental photoelasticty techniques on linear crack propagation analysis. OBJECTIVES To familiarize the students with the Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics in context with photoealsticity and orientation and understanding of operation off different types of polariscopes. THEORY The name photoelasticity reflects the nature of this experimental method: photo implies the use of light rays and optical techniques, while elasticity depicts the study of stresses and deformations in elastic bodies. Photoelastic analysis is widely used for problems in which stress or strain information is required for extended regions of the structure. Photo elastic stress analysis is a simple and powerful tool for design engineers that provide them with the experimental data required for validating analytical and computational designs. In using this method, a transparent plastic model of the structural part of the machine element under study is first made. Then the specimen was placed in the polariscope, and the simulating operating force was applied. When examined in the polarized light field provided by the instrument, colored fringe patterns are seen which reveal: †¢ A visible picture of the stress distribution over the whole area of the specimen. †¢ Stress distribution which is accurately readable at any point for both direction and magnitude. Two types of pattern can be obtained: isochromatics and isoclinics. These patterns are related to the principal-stress differences and to the principal-stress directions, respectively. Principles The method is based on the property of birefringence, which is exhibited by certain transparent materials. When polarized light passes through a stressed material, the light separates into two wave fronts travelling at different velocities, each oriented parallel to the direction of principal stresses(? 1,? 2) in the material but perpendicular to each other. Photoelastic materials exhibit the property of birefringence only on the application of stress and the magnitude of the refractive indices at each point in the material is directly related to the state of stress at that point. Thus, the first task is to develop a model made out of such materials. Isoclinics and isochromatics Isoclinics are the locus of the points in the specimen along which the principal stresses are in the same direction. Isochromatics are the locus of the points along which the difference in the first and second principal stress remains the same. Thus they are the lines which join the points with equal maximum shear stress magnitude. Interpretation of the Photoelastic Pattern: Once the fringes obtained by application of load on photoelasic specimen the most important step is interpretation of complete stress field. The photoelastic fringe pattern data offer suggestion to modify design to avoid from material failure. It is also helpful in reducing average stress on actual part. Complete stress field interpretation include principal stress directions as well as magnitude of stresses on different fringe order. [pic] Stimulated stress field pattern in white light for typical edge crack plate The photoelastic pattern appears as a colorful map of lines of equal color. Beginning at the lower level line of stress and progressing to areas of higher level, the colour sequence observed will be black, yellow, red, blue, yellow, red, green, yellow, red, green etc. The colour transmission from red to blue and from red to green is sharply marked. [pic] Polariscope: Polariscope: It is an instrument which consists of two polaroid plates mounted apart. The lower plate is generally fixed and is known as the polariser, while the upper plate can be rotated and is known as the analyser. Types: 1. Reflection Polariscope Particularly it is used to photoelastically stress-analyze opaque plastic parts. The part to be analyzed is coated with a photoelastic coating, service loads are applied to the part, and coating is illuminated by polarized light from the reflection polariscope. Molded-in or residual stresses cannot be observed with this technique. Fig. 13. 1 Typical reflection periscope on tripod stand 2. Transmission Polariscope. This type is useful for stress analysis if component is of transparent or glassy material. All transparent plastics, being birefringent, lend themselves to photoelastic stress analysis. The transparent part is placed between two polarizing mediums and viewed from the opposite side of the light source. In these experiments we will be only concerned with highlighting the dependence of stress distribution on geometric features, hence we can use the transparent materials and transmission type polariscope will be used. [pic] Fig. 13. 2 Transmission Polariscope Two arrangements of transmission polariscope are possible i. e. I. Plane polariscope Plane polariscope is used for direction measurement at a point of principal stresses for a specimen. The setup consists of two linear polarizers and a light source. The light source can either emit monochromatic light or white light depending upon the experiment. First the light is passed through the first polarizer which converts the light into plane polarized light. The apparatus is set up in such a way that this plane polarized light then passes through the stressed specimen. This light then follows, at each point of the specimen, the direction of principal stress at that point. The light is then made to pass through the analyzer and we finally get the fringe pattern. The fringe pattern in a plane polariscope setup consists of both the isochromatics and the isoclinics. The isoclinics change with the orientation of the polariscope while there is no change in the isochromatics. For this purpose, set the quarter wave plates on both the analyzer and the polarizer cells at position â€Å"D† (direction) to make the polariscope â€Å"plane† as shown below in fig13. 2 (b) Figure 13. 2 (a)Plane Polariscope Arrangement Figure 13. 2 (b)Pin postion at Plane Polariscope arrangement II. Circular polariscope When examining the model for determination of the stress distribution and magnitude, the polariscope must be transformed from a â€Å"PLANE† to a â€Å"CIRCULAR† operation. This is done by first making sure the clamp â€Å"A† is in the locked position and then withdrawing pins â€Å"B† on the ? wave plate from the hole â€Å"D† (direction) and rotating them until pins engage in hole â€Å"M† (magnitude). Now quarter wave plate is at 45 degrees to the polarizer-analyzer axis thus polariscope is in circular light operation Figure13. 3Circular Polariscope Arrangement(dark field) There are four different kinds of arrangements for the circular polariscope. Each arrangement produces either a dark field arrangement or a light field arrangement. In dark field arrangement, the fringes are shown by bright lines and the background is dark. The opposite holds true for the light field arrangement. Quarter Wave-Plates Arrangement |Polarizer’s Arrangement |Polariscope Field | |Crossed |Parallel |Light | |Crossed |Crossed |Dark | |Parallel |Parallel |Light | |Parallel |Crossed |Dark | Experiment No. 14 Calculation of direction and mag nitude of principal stresses using transmission polariscope. OBJECTIVES ) Application of photoelastic techniques to measure the direction of Principal Stresses at a point b) Calculation of magnitude of principal stresses by interpreting the fringe data. Apparatus Apparatus required to achieve the stated objectives are †¢ Transmission polariscope †¢ test specimen of different shapes †¢ Load measuring dial gauge †¢ Vernier Caliper and Meter Rod Construction of Transmission Polariscope: The basic polariscope consists of †¢ Rigid base frame ready to receive all of the modular accessory items. †¢ Two cells equipped with polarizing filters. †¢ Knob ‘H’ used to synchronously rotate the polarizer and analyzer (their common motion is indicated in degrees in the graduated dial). The quarter wave plate which can be used to convert plane polariscope into circular and vice versa. Fig 13. 2 show these components.. Specimen prepration: In this experi ment we are using photoelastic sheets (Polyurethane material) The photoelastic sheet was made into different specimens as stated below: a) specimen with holes drilled. b) specimen with cracks, which is manually cut c) specimens with notches Typical single edge crack specimen 2-D model is shown in fig. 14. Fig. 14. 1 PROCEDURE Measurement of Direction of Principal Stresses at a Point: To measure the direction of the principal stresses at a point in the specimen we follow the following steps: Place the specimen in the polariscope making sure that the specimen is aligned correctly within the clamps, hence avoiding any twisting of the specimen. †¢ Apply load (compressive or tensile) by turning the loading screw. †¢ Set the quarter wave plates on both the analyzer and the polarizer cells at position â€Å"D† to make the polariscope â€Å"plane† (Fig 13. 2 b). †¢ By means of knob ‘C’ rotate the analyzer until pointer â€Å"P† is positioned at 0 and 100 on the scale. †¢ Release the clamp ‘A’ if it was locked previously and by means of knob â€Å"H† rotate the whole assembly during this rotation some black and all the colored fringes will be observed to move. These black fringes which move are the isoclinics. †¢ Identify the point of measurement using a grease pencil or scriber. By means of knob â€Å"H† rotate the polarizer-analyzer assembly until a black isoclinic crosses over the marked point. At this point the axes of the polarizer and analyzer are parallel and perpendicular to the directions of the principal stresses and their directions can be seen from the scale by a pointer â€Å"V†. The rotation of the assembly may be clockwise or anti-clockwise; in order to accommodate this, sign is used with the value of this direction angle. The positive sign is used for clockwise rotation and negative is used for counter clockwise. Magnitude calculations ? The polariscope, and the digital camera are turned on ? Specimen undergoes tensile force/compressive load in Transmission Polariscope with one end fixed as in fig 13. 2 Fringes formed and photographed by digital camera ? A gradual tension was then added onto specimen and record the load reading by using dial-guage ? Print and interpret fringe pattern obtained in photographs according to the proce dure explained. Formulation for Stress Distribution: When examining the specimen for determination of the stress distribution and magnitude, the polariscope must be transformed from a â€Å"PLANE† to a â€Å"CIRCULAR† operation. This is done by first making sure the clamp â€Å"A† is in the locked position and then withdrawing pins â€Å"B† on the ? wave plate from the hole â€Å"D† (direction) and rotating them until pins engage in hole â€Å"M† (magnitude). Now quarter wave plate is at 45 degrees to the polarizer-analyzer axis thus polariscope is in circular light operation. Difference of principal stresses is given by (1 (2 = (N * C)/t Where N=fringe order at point of measurement C= stress constant of specimen material T = specimen thickness C is usually given by manufacturer. Thus the remaining number to be found is N which can be found according to color pattern as mention in the topic of interpretation of fringe pattern. CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS |S/No. |Applied load |Thickness of |Fringe Order |Direction of |Direction of |Magnitude of |Magnitude of | | |lbs/. 01 inch |specimen |‘N’ |principal stress |principal stress |principal stress |principal stress | | | |‘t’ | | |(threotcal value) | |(threotcal value) | |1 | | | | | | | | |2 | | | | | | | | |3 | | | | | | | | |4 | | | | | | | | |5 | | | | | | | | POINTS TO PONDER: 1. What will be the magnitude of shear stress at a plane of principle stress? 2. Describ e the functions of plane polriscope vs circular polriscope. 3. Describe the importance of calculation of stresses with reference to safety factor in engineering design. 4. Discuss the region of maximum stress for specimen used in experiments and explain with reasoning. 5. In case of residual stresses as a result of specimen machining which recovery method is preferable and why?

Disadvantages Of Social Networking

Disadvantages Of Social Networking In the class, Personal and Professional Development 2 there are 13 students. We all just do some debate preparation. Firstly, we just started to divided into 2 group such as opposing argument and supporting argument. Each group consisted of 6 individuals whereby one becomes event coordinator. Secondly, we are in the groups just to support and given some ideas and collecting some information. The whole groups are very clear what to do for debate. Then, we decide to do some research regarding for debate topic. Furthermore, our groups are used primary, secondary and tertiary research methods in collecting the information and also used some college library books to get more information. After that, we are still not enough sources to continue our debate. As solution the whole groups move to internet. We just find some relate articles to gather more information about our topic. As well we collect all the information then we moves to lecture part. In this part, lecture gives some comment and instructor the way how to conduct the debate. Moreover, lecture given some guideline how to conduct the debate Argument and lecture comment In these part, we all ready for the argument. After few minutes our lecture gives instruction to event coordinator to start with the introduction. Event coordinator starts with the introduction that chosen topic was social networking and its advantages and disadvantages. It give a definition to the topic was the social networking now days there was some good and bad activity go on so here there was two groups, opposition group and supporting group. The first speaker opposing that by means of social networking may influence security issues for individuals who are user of this networking. The user is liable to be victimising in cheat issues, their accounts hacked by third party, and be victim of cyber bullying. From the second speaker of opposition group was arguing that surf during social networking frequently may guide to informal relationship. This relationship may source problem in our personal life and it involve the relationship through our partner whereby causes dislike within a relationship. From third speaker, that was I as supporting member that argue regarding telling to the point of view in the organisation whereby using social networking in the organisation may reason the workers not focus on their daily task and it may not complete the task because of spending more time in social networking. It also brings difficulty to be lower the productivity of works in the organisations and affects the production of the organisation. Fourth speaker was argue about ethical issues linked to the topic of this debate whereby addictive on social networking may show the way to unethical issue and moral value such as upload pornographic pictures, orally sexual harassment, cyber bullying and etc lead the user lose their moral value. Fifth speaker emphasise on the fake business advertisements on the social networking. The speaker argue that the social networking used as stage to advertise fake advertisement to promote their product and service which may lead to bad advertise. The other sides argument From these side the first points that they argue was chatting via social networks able to expand new relationship, its stage to make new friend from other country, retain existing relations like family members, close friends etc. Futhermore, social networks also lower stage of online business that can maximise of profits, exchange information from other side of country, advantage to education level and last of all related to job opportunity where the user upload the resumes. To support their points, supporting team did not there any kind of evidence like showing materials but most of proposition group member share their real life experiences to argue their points. Overall, their arguments very good, they engaged with information related to issue of debates. Most of them enjoyed the debates by arguing their possess point of view related to the debate issue. There are few members was not have of confident to communicate their points of argument on the issues and speak very softly tends not clear about the points that we listen as opposition group. From the both sides, they had done the debate with their own satisfaction because there was no loser or winner. The both sides have they own good points. From the opposition group are formally very good with point because they have shared they life exeperience related to the issues in order to make our point very strong. In conclusion, I have learned that we should have the confident through express our point toward the argument and it also need to done some research related on topic before we presented. E -Journals Task 1 personal statement I am a person self-motivated and hardworking. I can handle various tasks at once. I also am willing to learn new tasks and try something different. I am an outgoing person. I am very active and capable to change with new situation. I like sports which have mind using sports such as football, badminton and moreover because it will help on our thinking power. Key Skill Personal skills Professional skills Hard working Self motivation Highly motivated Communication skills Responsible Patience Dependable Effective problem solver 3.0 Personal Skills I am very hardworking person because I done some research before the discussion session in the class, it also I am highly motivated by my lecture when class going on. It also my responsible to take over my team member and all depend on our self before the discussion. 4.0 Professional Skills I have the ability in management because I can complete my task without any instruction.It also me help in communication skills to develop and be patience when customer asking something. I am an effective problem solver because I have my own idea to solve it. Task 2 Critical thinking Critical thinking is method of thinking in the way about any subject, content, or problem. It also which the way thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by expertly taking charge of the structures inborn in thinking and impressive thinker standards in the lead them. Arguments are on the whole, which communicate the main idea of the paragraph. Scholarly argument is an argument obtainable by both sides with objectives and decided. Moreover there are two common types of argument such as descriptive and critical argument. Descriptive arguments are straightforward with no supporting reasons and critical arguments are exact with supporting reasons. As I am a manager critical thinking and scholarly argument can be roles because I can critically enables analysis and also have the ability to build logical decision on critical thinking. Scholarly arguments be able to be complete by myself when I am a manager when I am performance my reports and presentation. Furthermore, it also benefits me in the future. Task 3 Critical reading Critical reading means designed to help you to understand and take on this active reading process more successfully so that you can become a better critical reader. It also to know the goal of finding a better understanding of a material and to focus on analyzing and evaluating when we are reading as we progress. The purpose of reading is more on learning that particular topic to understand and it also have clear evidence when we done reading with the message that author delivered. In the critical reading skills, there are two common types such as scanning and skimming. Skimming is a process that readers are looking over a text quickly to get a specific piece of information to find more about the book. Scanning is a process that looking over the text quickly to get a general idea of the content. The technique of reading such as survey, question, read, recall, and review. Note talking is the way of recording some relevant information when we are reading. As students, we should used these technique when our class lecture going on. Task 4 Structuring Structuring is an essentially the connection between ideas in particular argument and the pattern or the method they are being an accessible. Structuring be able to allow a researcher in the direction of identify whether the order of an idea is logical or is the next part of argument related or are there enough notice given. In the way of structuring to be logic the grouping of the ideas must be correct. in a order of ideas is also imperative. A researcher must arrange the point from the most imperative to the least imperative. The signpost is a process of representative a changes in ideas or argument. There are many types of signpost such as paragraph, sub title, sub heading, references and moreover because it could be easy to capture the message that delivered by author. There are also including some interesting words such as opposite words, concluding phrases and comma mastery which can be used as signpost. Signpost can also become failure when a researcher give a bad introduction, no capital letter spelling and grammatical error, and no space between a new paragraph. Task 5 Communicating effectively in teams. Communication means that people communicate to another one. It is also a way to deliver message or get feedback. Effective communication is not only concerning expressing our feelings or transmission our possess messages from corner to corner to the other party. Communication is never a one-sided event, because we also need to listen to what other party has to say. For example communication tools such as email, sending message service, phone calls, fax or etc. Effective communication will help more in group because we can share all the information and also easy to achieve our target with minimum time. From my side of view, communication with team are more effective because it will help in our class when the tutorial part going on. These time, normally we make small group and discuss about topic that given by lecture. It will help a lot because we share our point and our opinions to others and then easy to make a proper answer. Job Description In the Apple I Company, I was being offered as an Administrative Assistant. This company was organizing to setting up the event management company, whereby they made to manage everything from an event which planning to do finishing of the event. This event was concentrating such as birthday party, wedding, Indian traditional ceremonies and etc. I was undertakes the responsibility of setting up a company event as Administrative Assistant on the 1st October 2012 until 30th November 2012. During that time, I were about 3 wedding and 2 birthday partys which been successfully. About five events that I did was very accountable to book the venue, decoration parts and ordering parts. I was made a basically part in an event with a stress and tired with the conduct of event. As a new Administrative Assistant, I challenged to satisfy a few problems to manage that duty that I was held responsible for it. As new worker, I did get any of proper venues to book for the number of people in the event. In this situation, I focused that, there are different types of caterer for the food and the way of make the proper decoration as a team. I never am asked any seniors to help in the duty given to me with the given time frame. Lesson Learned As a student, I work without experience and I got the time to challenge how to justify the setting and ideally reading about it. In the working environment is totally different from what I listen in studies as a much more in the working environment. Firstly, I have knowledge as a worker in group, there must have good communication skills with our dependents and workers. Without making a good communication with a people, may have some problems to achieve its purposes. Secondly, must have a good team work amongst the dependents which is very capable as not everyone is perfect so we have to share their ideas to get information in every essential tool in a group. Thirdly, I was note that how to manage time well. The time management is very important things in whatever we do and as knowledge of work, without proper time management will be stuck and cannot be achieve the aims. Further, I may not have a working experience and knowledge to manage the event. But there is a question was asked that How to be an Administrative Assistant? What are the tasks of an Administrative Assistant? But now I can said that, I have a working experience and responsibility with all the job and I can make a job easier in anywhere I go. My Strength and Weakness In the first week I just start with a happy movement in the organization. In the organization everyone honored with my hard work and I feel like very important person in an organization. After that, I was feeling full of energy day-by-day for few weeks. Then, I started feeling kind of bored as I had to do the same work day in and day out. Furthermore, these organizations are mainly target on few tasks such as booking venue, ordering food and fixed the decoration. In these organizations, I might grow fed up of that work because every day might do same task. For me, I realized that this work may not suitable and I am encourage myself to work with multi-task opportunities in big organizations. It will help me to think and improving myself in additional knowledge in that organization as whole.